Facultative Altitudinal Movements by Mountain White-Crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) in the Sierra Nevada

نویسندگان

  • Thomas P. Hahn
  • Keith W. Sockman
  • Creagh W. Breuner
  • Martin L. Morton
چکیده

-Mountain White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) winter in Mexico and often arrive in the vicinity of their breeding grounds in the Sierra Nevada well before nesting is possible. Arrival at Tioga Pass, Califomia (elevation 3,030 m), usually occurs in early May, but residual winter snow and adverse weather can delay nesting for weeks. We used radiotelemetry to determine whether prebreeding Mountain White-crowned Sparrows engaged in weather-related altitudinal movements during the waiting period between the end of spring migration and onset of breeding during 1995-2001, with a range of residual winter snowpacks. Interannual variation in arrival date and onset of egg laying was 18 and 41 days, respectively. We tracked females for two years and males for all seven years. During spring snowstorms (which occurred in four years), radiomarked individuals moved to lower elevation sites, where they often remained for several days. Departing birds left Tioga Pass by early afternoon and returned early in the morning after storms. More frequent storms during tracking increased the likelihood of facultative altitudinal movements, but heavier residual winter snowpack did not. Warm days increased the likelihood of birds returning to Tioga Pass from low elevation. This study demonstrates that facultative altitudinal movement behavior can be a common feature of spring arrival biology in montane-breeding birds. Received 1 November 2002, accepted 30 June 2004. RESUMEN.-Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha pasa el invierno en Mexico y usualmente Ilega a las cercanias de sus sitios reproductivos en la Sierra Nevada bastante antes de que sea posible anidar. La llegada a Tioga Pass, California (elevacion 3030 m) ocurre usualmente a principios de mayo, pero la presencia de nieve residual del invierno y las condiciones adversas del clima pueden demorar el anidamiento por semanas. Usamos radio-telemetria para determinar si los individuos pre-reproductivos de Z. 1. oriantha realizaron movimientos altitudinales inducidos por el clima durante el periodo de espera entre el final de la migracion de primavera y el comienzo de la reproducci6n durante 1995-2001, considerando un rango de niveles de acumulaci6n de nieve residual del invierno. La variaci6n interanual en la fecha de llegada y en el comienzo de la puesta de huevos fue de 18 y 41 dias, respectivamente. Seguimos a las hembras durante dos afios y a los machos durante los siete afios del estudio. Durante las tormentas de nieve de la primavera (que tuvieron lugar en cuatro anios), los individuos marcados con radios se desplazaron a sitios a elevaciones mas bajas, donde permanecieron por lo general por varios dias. Las aves se marcharon de Tioga Pass a comienzos de la tarde y regresaron temprano en la mafiana luego de las tormentas. Una mayor frecuencia de tormentas durante el periodo de seguimiento de las aves incremento la probabilidad de que los individuos realizaran movimientos facultativos, pero mayores acumulaciones de nieve residual no tuvieron el mismo efecto. Los dias calidos incrementaron la probabilidad de que las aves regresaran a Tioga Pass desde elevaciones bajas, lo cual demuestra que el comportamiento de movimientos facultativos de los individuos puede ser un rasgo caracteristico de la biologia de la llegada de primavera en aves que se reproducen en las montanias. 5E-mail: [email protected]

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تاریخ انتشار 2016